Zero current and valley detection for power factor correction

ABSTRACT

A power factor correction circuit includes a power transistor, an inductor, and detection circuitry. The inductor is coupled to a drain terminal of the power transistor. The detection circuitry is coupled to the drain terminal of the power transistor. The detection circuitry is configured to determine an input voltage applied to the inductor based on resonant ringing of voltage at the drain terminal, and to detect a valley in the voltage at the drain terminal based on the input voltage applied to the inductor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Under 35 U.S.C. § 120, this continuation application claims benefits ofand priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/854,467, filed onDec. 26, 2017, the entirety of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND

Electrical power supplies commonly use diode rectifier circuits toconvert from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A dioderectifier conducts current only when the input voltage of the rectifierexceeds the output voltage of the rectifier, so a sinusoidal inputvoltage results in intermittent non-sinusoidal current flow. Theintermittent current flow has a primary frequency component equal to theAC input frequency and substantial energy at integer multiples of the ACinput frequency (harmonics). Input current harmonics can cause transientcurrent flow in the AC mains, which can increase the power required fromthe AC mains and can cause heating of the distribution system. Inaddition, input current harmonics create electrical noise that caninterfere with other systems connected to the AC mains.

The power factor of a power supply is the ratio of the real powerdelivered to a load divided by the apparent input power, where theapparent input power is the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) input voltage timesRMS input current. In general, input current harmonics cause the RMSvalue of the input current to be substantially higher than the currentdelivered to the load. Many power supplies include power factorcorrection to reduce input current harmonics. Power factor correctionrefers to a process to offset or improve the undesirable effects ofnon-linear electric loads that contribute to a power factor that is lessthan unity. These effects involve the phase angle between the voltageand the harmonic content of the current. When the voltage and currentare in phase, the power factor is unity, but when the voltage andcurrent are not in phase the power factor is some value less than one.

SUMMARY

A method and apparatus for controlling power factor correction using thedrain signal of a power transistor driving an inductor that lacks anauxiliary winding are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a powerfactor correction circuit includes a power transistor, an inductor, anddetection circuitry. The inductor is coupled to a drain terminal of thepower transistor. The detection circuitry is coupled to the drainterminal of the power transistor. The detection circuitry is configuredto determine an input voltage applied to the inductor based on resonantringing of voltage at the drain terminal, and to detect a valley in thevoltage at the drain terminal based on the input voltage applied to theinductor.

In another embodiment, a method for controlling power factor correctionincludes driving an inductor coupled to a drain terminal of a powertransistor. The method also includes determining, by detection circuitrycoupled to the drain terminal, an input voltage applied to the inductorbased on resonant ringing of voltage at the drain terminal. The methodfurther includes detecting an edge in the voltage at the drain terminalbased on the input voltage applied to the inductor, and identifying avalley in the voltage at the drain terminal based on the detected edge.The method yet further includes providing a signal indicative of thevalley to circuitry that controls activation of the power transistor.

In a further embodiment, a power factor correction controller includes atransistor driver and detection circuitry. The transistor driver isconfigured to drive a power transistor. The detection circuitry isconfigured for connection to the drain terminal of the power transistor.The detection circuitry is configured to determine, based on resonantringing of voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor, aninput voltage applied to an inductor coupled to the drain terminal ofthe power transistor. The detection circuitry is also configured todetect an edge in the voltage at the drain terminal based on the inputvoltage applied to the inductor, and identify a valley in the voltage atthe drain terminal based on the edge. The power factor correctioncontroller is configured to drive a control terminal of the powertransistor based on the valley.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a detailed description of various examples, reference will now bemade to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram for power factor correction circuitryin accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram for detection circuitry used in powerfactor correction in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 3 shows signals generated in power factor correction circuitry inaccordance with various embodiments; and

FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram for a method for power factor correction inaccordance with various embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain terms have been used throughout this description and claims torefer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art willappreciate, different parties may refer to a component by differentnames. This document does not intend to distinguish between componentsthat differ in name but not function. In this disclosure and claims, theterms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion,and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to .. . .” Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean eitheran indirect or direct wired or wireless connection. Thus, if a firstdevice couples to a second device, that connection may be through adirect connection or through an indirect connection via other devicesand connections. The recitation “based on” is intended to mean “based atleast in part on.” Therefore, if X is based on Y, X may be a function ofY and any number of other factors.

Power factor correction based on valley switching offers a number ofadvantages. For example, use of valley switching in power factorcorrection can improve operating efficiency and reduce electro-magneticinterference. However, use of valley switching presents a variety ofissues. Imprecise detection of valleys increases the risk of audiblenoise, and valley switching may not work well if the difference betweenthe input and output voltages is small. Furthermore, conventional valleydetection uses an auxiliary winding which increases system cost.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide power factor correctionusing valley detection without inclusion of an auxiliary winding.Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed herein reduce the cost andcomplexity of power factor correction circuitry. The power factorcorrection circuits disclosed herein monitor the voltage on the drainterminal of a power transistor. Embodiments differentiate the drainvoltage signal and identify a time at which the slope of the drainterminal voltage changes. The time corresponding to change in slopeidentifies a falling edge in the drain voltage signal. Embodiments alsodetermine the average voltage of resonant ringing in the drain voltagesignal. The average voltage of the resonant ringing corresponds to theinput voltage provided to an inductor coupled to the power transistor.Embodiments compare the drain voltage signal to the input voltage (i.e.,the average of the resonant ringing) to detect a falling edge in theresonant ringing. Embodiments identify a valley in the drain voltagesignal based on the detected edge.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram for power factor correction circuitryin accordance with various embodiments. The power factor correctioncircuitry 100 includes a rectifier 102, a filter capacitor 104, aninductor 106, a power transistor 108, and a power factor correctioncontroller 110. Embodiments of the power factor correction circuitry 100may include additional components that have been omitted from FIG. 1 inthe interest of clarity. The rectifier 102 may a full-wave rectifierarranged as a diode bridge to convert an alternating current (AC) inputvoltage into a direct current (DC) output voltage. The output of therectifier 102 is filtered by the capacitor 104 and the inductor 106 toenable a continuous input current. The power factor controller 110drives the power transistor 108 using pulse-width-modulation or anothermodulation technique to control the DC output voltage V_(OUT) and togenerate a continuous sinusoidal input current in phase with the ACinput voltage. The power transistor 108 may be a metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The power factorcorrection controller 110 may operate in transition mode, discontinuouscurrent mode, and/or burst mode. The output voltage V_(OUT) may beprovided to additional switch-mode power supply circuitry that is notshown in FIG. 1.

The power factor correction controller 110 includes detection circuitry112 and driver circuitry 114. The driver circuitry 114 is coupled to thegate terminal of the power transistor 108, and generates a signal toactivate the power transistor 108 as needed to perform power factorcorrection. The detection circuitry 112 is coupled to the drain terminalof the power transistor 108. The detection circuitry 112 monitors thevoltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108 to determinewhen the driver circuitry 114 is to activate or deactivate the powertransistor 108. For example, the detection circuitry 112 may identifyvalleys (minima in the voltage of resonant ringing) in the voltage onthe drain terminal and provide signals to the driver 114 that allow thedriver 114 to activate the power transistor 108 during the valley. Avalley may correspond to a time of minimum energy storage in the drainnode capacitance of the power transistor 108, and activation of thepower transistor 108 during a valley improves the efficiency of thepower factor correction circuitry 100 by reducing switching losses inthe power transistor 108.

The detection circuitry 112 may also detect when the current flowing inthe inductor 106 falls to zero. The detection circuitry 112 may detectthat the current flowing in the inductor 106 has fallen to zero bymonitoring the voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor108, and identifying a negative slope in the voltage at the drainterminal after the power transistor 108 has been deactivated. After thedetection circuitry 112 determines that inductor 106 current has fallento zero, the detection circuitry 112 may initiate detection of valleysin the voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram for the detection circuitry 112 inaccordance with various embodiments. The detection circuitry 112includes an amplifier 202, a differentiation circuit 204, an averagingcircuit 206, a window comparator 210, a comparator 216, a flip-flop 218,and a gate 220. The amplifier 202 is coupled to the drain terminal ofthe power transistor 108, and applies a predetermined gain (e.g., a gainof four) to the voltage at the drain terminal. The output of theamplifier 202 is provided to the differentiation circuit 204 and theaveraging circuit 206 for further processing.

The averaging circuit 206 includes a filter 222, sample and holdcircuits 224, and a summation circuit 226. The averaging circuit 206determines the average of the voltage at the drain terminal while thepower transistor 108 is deactivated. More specifically, the averagingcircuit 206 determines the average of the voltage at the drain terminalduring the resonant ringing of the voltage at the drain terminalresulting from deactivation of the power transistor 108. The averagevoltage of the resonant ringing corresponds to the input voltage appliedto the inductor 106. The detection circuitry 112 applies the averagevoltage produced by the averaging circuit 206 to identify zero crossingsin the resonant ringing. The location of the valleys in the resonantringing may be determined as a function of the zero crossings.

The filter 222 applies a low pass filter to the voltage at the drainterminal while the power transistor 108 is deactivated. The sample andhold circuits 224 sample the output of the filter 222 (i.e., sample thefiltered voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108), andthe summation circuit 226 sums the outputs of the sample and holdcircuits 224. Each of the sample and hold circuits 224 may include aswitch and a capacitor. The switch is closed to connect the capacitor tothe filter 222. When the switch is opened the voltage across thecapacitor reflects the voltage at the output of the filter 222.

FIG. 3 shows signals generated in the power factor correction circuitry100 in accordance with various embodiments. In FIG. 3, the signal 302represents the voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor108, and the signal 304 represents the current flowing in the inductor106. The averaging circuit 206 averages the voltage of the resonantringing 308 to produce the voltage 310 representing the voltage at theinput of the inductor 106. The resonant ringing 308 is an oscillationstarting at demagnetization of the inductor 106, and generated byinteraction of the inductor 106 and the parasitic capacitance of thepower transistor 108. The signal 312 represents the gate drive signalgenerated by the driver circuitry 114 to activate and deactivate thepower transistor 108. The averaging circuit 206 may be enabled toaverage the voltage at the drain terminal of the drive transistor 108during the time that the power transistor 108 is deactivated.

The output of the averaging circuit 206 is provided to the comparator216. The comparator 216 compares the output of the amplifier 202 to theoutput of the averaging circuit 206. That is, the comparator 216compares the average of the resonant ringing 308 to the resonant ringing308. In FIG. 3, signal 324 represents the output of the comparator 216,where a leading edge of each pulse 314 corresponds to a time at whichthe voltage signal at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108falls below the average of the voltage signal at the drain terminal ofthe power transistor 108. The timing of the valley 316 may be determinedbased on a predetermined timing relationship between the leading edge ofthe pulse 314 and the valley 316.

The differentiation circuit 204 receives the output of the amplifier 202and differentiates the voltage at the drain terminal of the powertransistor 108. Some embodiments of the differentiation circuit 204include two differentiators 208. The differentiator 208 is a circuitthat produces an output that is proportional to the derivative (the rateof change) of the signal input to the differentiator 208. Thedifferentiator 208 may be constructed by connecting a capacitor to theinput of an amplifier, such that input signals are provided to theamplifier through the capacitor. Two instances of the differentiator 208may be connected in series to form a second order differentiationcircuit 204 that produces the derivative (e.g., second derivative (rateof change of rate of change)) of the voltage at the drain terminal ofthe power transistor 108. The output of the differentiation circuit 204is provided to the window comparator 210.

The window comparator 210 compares the output of the differentiationcircuit 204 to predetermined threshold voltages. The window comparator210 includes a comparator 212 and a comparator 214. The comparator 212compares the output of the differentiation circuit 204 to a setthreshold voltage. The comparator 214 compares the output of thedifferentiation circuit 204 to a reset threshold voltage. If the rate ofchange of the voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108changes at a rate that exceeds the rate represented by the set thresholdvoltage, then the output of the comparator 212 is asserted, and theflip-flop 218 is set. When the rate of change of the voltage at thedrain terminal of the power transistor 108 changes at a rate that isless than the rate represented by the reset threshold voltage, then theoutput of the comparator 214 is asserted, and the flip-flop 218 isreset. The output of the flip-flop 218 is a pulse that identifies theedge (point of highest change rate) of each cycle of the resonantringing 308. In FIG. 3, the signal 318 represents the output of theflip-flop 218, where a leading edge of each pulse 320 corresponds to atime at which the voltage signal at the drain terminal of the powertransistor 108 is falling at a highest rate. The timing of the valley316 may be determined based on a predetermined timing relationshipbetween the leading edge of the pulse 320 and the valley 316.

The outputs of the flip-flop 218 and the comparator 216 are provided assignal 228 to the driver circuity 114 for use in identifying a valley316 in the resonant ringing 308 of the voltage at the drain terminal ofthe power transistor 108.

The detection circuitry 112 may also include circuitry to identify theend of demagnetization of the inductor 106 (i.e., to identify the knee306). For example, the knee 306 may be identified based on the output ofthe differentiation circuit 204 indicating an increase in rate of changeof the voltage 302 at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108after expiration of the blanking time 322. After detection of the knee306, the output 228 of the detection circuit 112 may be applied toidentify valleys in the voltage 302 at the drain terminal of the powertransistor 108.

FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram for a method 400 for power factor correctionin accordance with various embodiments. Though depicted sequentially asa matter of convenience, at least some of the actions shown can beperformed in a different order and/or performed in parallel.Additionally, some implementations may perform only some of the actionsshown. In some implementations, at least some of the operations of themethod 400 can be implemented by the power factor correction circuitry100 and/or the detection circuitry 112. At initiation of the method 400,the power transistor 108 is driving the inductor 106, which is coupledto the drain terminal of the power transistor 108.

In block 402, the power transistor 108 is deactivated. For example, thepower factor correction controller 110 may negate the gate drive signal312 causing the power transistor 108 to turn off. Turning off the powertransistor 108 causes current flow through the inductor 106 to cease,and the magnetic field about the inductor 106 begins to collapse.

In block 404, the detection circuitry 112 is monitoring the voltage onthe drain terminal of the power transistor 108. The detection circuitry112 determines whether the blanking time has expired. The blanking timedefines when the ringing triggered by deactivation of the powertransistor 108 has subsided. For example, each detected oscillation peakof ringing after the power transistor 108 is deactivated may reset atimer, where expiration of the timer indicates cessation of ringing. Onexpiration of the blanking time 322, the detection circuitry 112initiates monitoring for knee and valley occurrence.

In block 406, the detection circuitry 112 differentiates the voltage atthe drain terminal of the power transistor 108. The differentiation mayinclude applying a second order differentiator to the voltage (or anamplified version thereof) at the drain terminal of the power transistor108. Differentiating the voltage at the drain terminal includesdifferentiating the resonant ringing 308 to produced differentiatedresonant ringing.

In block 408, the detection circuitry 112 applies the derivative of thevoltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor 108 to identifythe knee in the voltage at the drain terminal of the power transistor108. The detection circuitry 112 may identify the knee as a voltage ofthe differentiator output exceeding a threshold.

In block 410, the knee 306 has been detected in block 408, and thedetection circuitry 112 compares the derivative of the voltage at thedrain of the power transistor 108 to the set threshold voltage and thereset threshold voltage to identify edges of cycles of resonant ringing308. Embodiments may apply the window comparator 210 to compare thederivative of the voltage at the drain of the power transistor 108 tothe set threshold voltage and the reset threshold voltage.

In block 412, the detection circuitry 112 (e.g., via the averagingcircuit 206) processes the voltage at the drain terminal of the powertransistor 108 to determine the average of the voltage at the drainterminal. The average of the resonant ringing 308 corresponds to thevoltage input to the inductor 106.

In block 414, the detection circuitry 112 compares the average of theresonant ringing 308 to the voltage at the drain terminal of the powertransistor 108. For example, the comparator 216 may compare the averagevoltage 310 of the resonant ringing 308 to the resonant ringing 308 atthe drain terminal of the power transistor 108.

In block 416, the power factor correction controller 110 identifies thevalleys in the resonant ringing 308 based on the comparison of theaverage voltage during the resonant ringing 308 to the resonant ringing308 and/or the comparison of the derivative of the resonant ringing 308to the set threshold voltage and the reset threshold voltage. Forexample, the valleys may be identified as occurring at a predeterminedtime from an edge of the signal 228.

In block 418, the driver circuitry 114 activates the power transistor108 based on the valley detected in block 416.

The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles andvarious embodiments of the present disclosure. Numerous variations andmodifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once theabove disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the followingclaims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power factor correction circuit, comprising: apower transistor having a drain terminal; an inductor coupled to thedrain terminal of the power transistor; and detection circuitry coupledto the drain terminal of the power transistor, the detection circuitryconfigured to: determine a value of an input voltage applied to theinductor based on a resonant ringing of a voltage at the drain terminal;and detect a valley in the resonant ringing of the voltage at the drainterminal based on the value of the input voltage applied to theinductor; and a driver configured to drive the power transistor based onthe detected valley.
 2. The power factor correction circuit of claim 1,in which the detection circuitry includes an averaging circuitconfigured to determine the value of input voltage applied to theinductor as an average of the resonant ringing of the voltage at thedrain terminal.
 3. The power factor correction circuit of claim 2, inwhich the detection circuitry includes an amplifier configured to applya gain to the voltage at the drain terminal; in which an output of theamplifier is provided to the averaging circuit.
 4. The power factorcorrection circuit of claim 2, in which the averaging circuit includes:a sample and hold circuit configured to sample a filtered version of thevoltage at the drain terminal; and a summation circuit configured to sumsamples output by the sample and hold circuit.
 5. The power factorcorrection circuit of claim 2, in which the detection circuitry includesa comparator configured to compare the average of the resonant ringingto the voltage at the drain terminal.
 6. The power factor correctioncircuit of claim 1, in which the detection circuitry includes adifferentiation circuit configured to generate a derivative of thevoltage at the drain terminal.
 7. The power factor correction circuit ofclaim 6, in which the differentiation circuit includes a firstdifferentiator in series with a second differentiator.
 8. The powerfactor correction circuit of claim 6, in which the detection circuitryis configured to: compare output of the differentiation circuit to athreshold voltage; and identify an edge in the resonant ringing of thevoltage at the drain terminal based on the output of the differentiationcircuit exceeding the threshold voltage.
 9. The power factor correctioncircuit of claim 8, in which the voltage threshold represents apredetermined rate of change of the voltage at the drain terminal.
 10. Aprocess for controlling power factor correction, comprising:determining, by detection circuitry coupled to a drain terminal of apower transistor, an input voltage applied to an inductor based on aresonant ringing of a voltage at the drain terminal while the powertransistor is deactivated: detecting a point of highest change rate inthe resonant ringing of the voltage at the drain terminal based on theinput voltage applied to the inductor; identifying a valley in theresonant ringing of the voltage at the drain terminal based on thedetected edge; and activating the power transistor based on theidentified valley.
 11. The process of claim 10, including determiningthe input voltage applied to the inductor by averaging the resonantringing of the voltage at the drain terminal.
 12. The process of claim11, including amplifying the voltage at the drain terminal prior to theaveraging.
 13. The process of claim 11, including: sampling a filteredversion of the voltage at the drain terminal; and summing samples of thevoltage to perform the averaging.
 14. The process of claim 11, includingcomparing the average of the resonant ringing to the voltage at thedrain terminal.
 15. The process of claim 10, including differentiatingthe voltage at the drain terminal.
 16. The process of claim 15,including comparing the differentiated resonant ringing of the voltageat the drain terminal to a threshold voltage; and identifying the edgein the resonant ringing of the voltage at the drain terminal based on aresult of the comparing.
 17. A power factor correction controller,comprising: a transistor driver configured to drive a power transistor;and detection circuitry configured for connection to a drain terminal ofthe power transistor, the detection circuitry configured to: determine,based on a resonant ringing of a voltage at the drain terminal of thepower transistor, an input voltage applied to an inductor coupled to thedrain terminal of the power transistor; detect a point of highest changerate in the resonant ringing of the voltage at the drain terminal basedon the input voltage applied to the inductor; and identify a valley inthe resonant ringing of the voltage at the drain terminal based on theedge; which the transistor driver is configured to drive a controlterminal of the power transistor based on the identified valley.
 18. Thepower factor correction controller of claim 17, in which the detectioncircuitry includes an averaging circuit configured to determine theinput voltage applied to the inductor as an average of the resonantringing of the voltage at the drain terminal, the averaging circuitincluding: a sample and hold circuit configured to sample a filteredversion of the voltage at the drain terminal; and a summation circuitconfigured to sum samples output by the sample and hold circuit.
 19. Thepower factor correction controller of claim 17, in which the detectioncircuitry includes a differentiation circuit configured to differentiatethe voltage at the drain terminal, the differentiation circuit includinga first differentiator in series with a second differentiator.
 20. Thepower factor correction controller of claim 19, including: a comparatorconfigured to compare output of the differentiation circuit to athreshold voltage; and circuitry configured to identify the edge in thevoltage at the drain terminal based on the output of the differentiationcircuit exceeding the threshold voltage.